India

India Launches Border Security Programme for Mongolia, Signs Key MoUs on Minerals and Humanitarian Aid

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India Launches Border Security Programme for Mongolia, Signs Key MoUs on Minerals and Humanitarian Aid

New Delhi – In a significant boost to bilateral ties, Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Monday launched a comprehensive capacity-building programme for Mongolia’s border security forces and oversaw the signing of 10 memorandums of understanding, including crucial agreements on mineral resources and humanitarian assistance.

The announcements came during a state visit by Mongolian President Khurelsukh Ukhnaa from October 13-16, marking 70 years of diplomatic relations and a decade of strategic partnership between the two nations.

Border Security Cooperation Takes Centre Stage

Speaking at a joint press conference on October 14, PM Modi unveiled plans for a new training initiative targeting Mongolia’s General Authority for Border Protection. The programme aims to enhance capabilities in border patrol operations, counter-insurgency tactics, and navigation of challenging terrain.

“Our defence cooperation is growing stronger,” Modi said, noting that collaboration between India’s Border Security Force and Mongolian border personnel has been ongoing for the past eight years.

The initiative will expand existing training programmes and includes the appointment of a defence attaché in Ulaanbaatar. Given Mongolia’s strategic location between Russia and China, the security partnership represents a cornerstone of what both nations refer to as the “Third Neighbour” policy – India’s unique approach to engaging with Mongolia despite sharing no physical borders.

Critical Minerals Agreement Addresses Strategic Needs

Among the most significant agreements signed was an MoU on geology and mineral resources, positioning India to access Mongolia’s vast reserves of critical minerals including uranium, coal, copper, gold, and zinc.

The partnership addresses mutual strategic interests: India gains access to essential minerals for its growing economy and technology sector, while Mongolia reduces its heavy dependence on China, which currently accounts for 70-80% of its exports.

India has committed to increasing imports of coking coal from Mongolia, with shipments planned through the Vladivostok-Chennai maritime corridor. The agreement also covers crude oil prospecting and mineral exploration activities.

“Mongolia has abundant mineral resources, and we are ready to work with Indian companies,” President Khurelsukh said during the visit.

Humanitarian Aid Framework Established

A separate MoU on humanitarian aid and assistance establishes protocols for cooperation during disasters, natural calamities, and pandemics. The framework draws on India’s experience with COVID-19 response protocols and immunity-boosting medicines, aiming to help Mongolia reduce its dependence on external sources for health and energy security.

Comprehensive Partnership Deepens

The visit produced eight additional agreements spanning cultural exchange, immigration cooperation, digital solutions sharing, and cooperative promotion. Notably, a cultural cooperation pact was signed between Ladakh’s Autonomous Hill Development Council and Mongolia’s Arkhangai province, reflecting the Buddhist heritage shared by both regions.

In a symbolic gesture honouring their spiritual bonds, India announced it would send sacred relics of Lord Buddha’s disciples Sariputta and Maudgalyayana to Mongolia in 2026. The two leaders also planted a banyan tree under the “Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam” (A Tree in Mother’s Name) initiative, with President Khurelsukh dedicating the sapling to his mother’s memory.

Economic Ties and Development Projects

India’s $1.7 billion line of credit is financing the Dornogovi oil refinery project, described as India’s largest overseas development initiative. Expected to become operational by 2028, the project involves 2,500 Indian specialists and represents a tangible commitment to Mongolia’s energy independence.

Bilateral trade, currently standing at $35.3 million, remains modest but is expected to grow substantially through the new mineral resource partnership and enhanced connectivity.

Strategic Alignment and Global Cooperation

Both nations reaffirmed their commitment to a rules-based Indo-Pacific order and pledged to amplify the voices of the Global South in international forums. Mongolia reiterated its support for India’s bid for permanent membership in the UN Security Council.

“Our borders may not be connected, but Mongolia is our neighbour. This relationship is not merely diplomatic; it is a spiritual bond,” Modi said, referencing the ancient Buddhist connections between the two civilizations dating back to the 13th century.

Looking Ahead

To facilitate people-to-people exchanges, India announced free e-visas for Mongolian citizens. The Indian Council for Cultural Relations will host eight Mongolian students for a youth orientation programme, while a Sanskrit teacher will be deputed to Gandan Monastery for one year. Additionally, 70 scholarships under the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation programme have been allocated for Mongolian students.

A commemorative postage stamp was released to mark the 70th anniversary of diplomatic relations, and both sides agreed to review progress at the next Intergovernmental Commission meeting.

As both nations navigate complex geopolitical landscapes, this visit has reinforced their commitment to what Modi described as an “all-round partnership” – one rooted in ancient spiritual ties but oriented firmly toward addressing 21st-century challenges in security, sustainability, and strategic autonomy.

Canadian Foreign Minister Anita Anand Visits India in Bid to Reset Strained Bilateral Ties

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Canadian Foreign Minister Anita Anand Visits India in Bid to Reset Strained Bilateral Ties

New Delhi — Canadian Foreign Minister Anita Anand arrived in New Delhi on Sunday evening for a three-day official visit aimed at mending diplomatic relations between India and Canada, which have been severely strained over the past two years.

The visit, taking place from October 12-14, 2025, marks Minister Anand’s first official trip to India since assuming her portfolio in May 2025 and represents a significant attempt by both nations to chart a new course following a period of unprecedented tension in their bilateral relationship.

Diplomatic Thaw After Period of Crisis

Relations between India and Canada plummeted in September 2023 when Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau publicly alleged Indian government involvement in the killing of Hardeep Singh Nijjar, a Canadian Sikh activist designated as a terrorist by India. The accusation triggered a diplomatic crisis that saw both countries expelling diplomats and trade negotiations being suspended.

Minister Anand’s visit is being viewed as a crucial step towards normalising relations, with both sides emphasising the need for a “forward-looking roadmap” built on mutual respect and renewed engagement.

High-Stakes Meetings with Indian Leadership

On Monday, Minister Anand held a series of intensive meetings with India’s top leadership. Her day began with talks with External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar, where both ministers conducted a comprehensive review of bilateral relations and discussed pathways to restore cooperation.

“This visit represents an important opportunity to rebuild trust and move our relationship forward,” Jaishankar said in his opening remarks, signalling India’s willingness to engage constructively with its Canadian counterpart.

The highlight of the day came when Anand met Prime Minister Narendra Modi, with discussions focusing on trade, technology, clean energy, agriculture, and people-to-people exchanges. Following the meeting, PM Modi posted on X (formerly Twitter), emphasising that the partnership is aimed at “mutual growth and prosperity.”

Later in the day, Anand met with Commerce Minister Piyush Goyal at Vanijya Bhawan, where both sides agreed to re-establish the Canada-India CEO Forum, a key platform for business dialogue that had been suspended during the diplomatic row.

Economic Cooperation Takes Centre Stage

Despite the political tensions, both nations recognise the significant economic potential of their relationship. Canada and India have substantial diaspora connections, with over 1.8 million people of Indian origin living in Canada, creating strong people-to-people ties and business linkages.

The decision to revive ministerial-level trade and investment talks signals both countries’ commitment to separating economic cooperation from political differences. Areas identified for enhanced collaboration include trade, investment, technology, clean energy, agriculture, and security cooperation.

A joint statement issued during the visit emphasised that the partnership would create “new opportunities for economic cooperation and build resilience in global alliances,” whilst also contributing to efforts to “de-risk” the global economy — a reference to diversifying supply chains and reducing dependencies.

Difficult Issues on the Agenda

Whilst economic cooperation dominated the public messaging, sensitive security issues were also discussed behind closed doors. These include concerns about extremism, communal tensions, and recent attacks on Hindu temples in Canada, which have sparked outrage in India.

The Khalistan issue — support among some segments of Canada’s Sikh diaspora for a separate Sikh homeland in India — remains a particular point of friction. India has consistently accused Canada of providing safe haven to Sikh separatists, whilst Canada maintains it upholds freedom of expression whilst opposing violence.

However, neither side announced specific agreements on these contentious matters, suggesting that rebuilding trust will be a gradual process requiring continued dialogue.

Part of Canada’s Indo-Pacific Strategy

Minister Anand’s visit forms part of Canada’s broader Indo-Pacific Strategy, which aims to deepen engagement with the region both economically and strategically. India is viewed as a key partner in this framework, given its economic dynamism, strategic location, and shared democratic values.

Following her Delhi engagements, Anand travelled to Mumbai on Monday evening for business meetings before continuing her Asian tour with stops in China and Singapore, underscoring Canada’s commitment to comprehensive regional engagement.

A Cautious New Beginning

Whilst both sides struck an optimistic tone about the future, observers note that the path to fully normalised relations remains challenging. The fundamental disagreements that triggered the 2023 crisis have not been fully resolved, and domestic political pressures in both countries could complicate efforts at reconciliation.

Nevertheless, the visit represents a pragmatic recognition by both governments that their countries have too much at stake — economically, strategically, and in terms of people-to-people ties — to allow the relationship to remain in crisis mode indefinitely.

As Minister Anand concluded her Delhi leg on Monday evening, both nations appeared committed to what they termed a “renewed engagement” — a carefully calibrated phrase that acknowledges past difficulties whilst expressing determination to move forward.

Whether this visit marks a genuine turning point or merely a temporary pause in tensions remains to be seen, but for now, both India and Canada seem willing to give diplomacy another chance.

Mongolian President Khürelsükh Embarks on Historic State Visit to India

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Mongolian President Khürelsükh Embarks on Historic State Visit to India

New Delhi — Mongolian President Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh arrived in New Delhi on Sunday for a four-day state visit to India, marking a significant milestone in the diplomatic relationship between the two nations as they celebrate 70 years of bilateral ties.

The visit, which runs from October 13-16, 2025, comes at the invitation of Indian President Droupadi Murmu and represents President Khürelsükh’s first official visit to India since assuming office. Upon his arrival at the airport, he was received by Murlidhar Mohol, Minister of State for Civil Aviation, before being accorded a ceremonial Guard of Honour.

High-Level Delegation Accompanies President

The Mongolian president is accompanied by a high-level delegation comprising cabinet ministers, members of parliament, senior government officials, business leaders, and cultural representatives. This diverse composition underscores the multifaceted nature of India-Mongolia relations, which extend beyond diplomacy into economic, cultural, and strategic spheres.

Strengthening the ‘Strategic Partnership’

India and Mongolia share a unique relationship characterised as a “strategic partnership” between “spiritual neighbours” and “third neighbours” — a reference to Mongolia’s geopolitical position between Russia and China, with India serving as an important alternative partner. This relationship is rooted in shared cultural, spiritual, and democratic values, with Buddhism serving as a particularly strong civilisational link between the two nations.

The visit aims to comprehensively review bilateral relations and chart a roadmap for strengthening the strategic partnership across multiple sectors. Key areas identified for enhanced cooperation include energy, mining, defence, information technology, education, healthcare, and cultural collaboration.

Packed Itinerary of Diplomatic Engagements

President Khürelsükh’s schedule includes meetings with India’s top leadership. He is expected to hold bilateral talks with Prime Minister Narendra Modi, during which both sides will undertake a complete review of the relationship and explore new avenues for cooperation.

President Murmu will host a state banquet in honour of the visiting dignitary, whilst additional meetings are scheduled with Vice President Jagdeep Dhankhar, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh, and External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar.

Economic and Cultural Dimensions

Beyond diplomatic discussions, the visit features the Mongolia-India Business Forum, designed to boost commercial ties and explore investment opportunities between the two countries. With Mongolia’s rich mineral resources and India’s technological capabilities and capital, both nations see significant potential for mutually beneficial economic cooperation.

A cultural programme titled “Beautiful Mongolia” will showcase Mongolian heritage and artistic traditions, reinforcing the people-to-people connections that underpin the bilateral relationship.

Expected Outcomes

While specific agreements have not been officially announced, the visit is expected to yield concrete outcomes in sectors such as energy, mining, and defence cooperation. Officials from both sides have indicated that the visit will advance development partnership, parliamentary exchanges, and cultural collaboration.

Progress in defence and security cooperation — areas of growing importance given the evolving geopolitical landscape in Asia — is also expected to be reviewed during the talks.

Historical Context

India and Mongolia established diplomatic relations in 1955, and the relationship has steadily evolved over the decades. India has been a significant development partner for Mongolia, providing lines of credit, training programmes, and technical assistance across various sectors.

The timing of this state visit, coinciding with the 70th anniversary of diplomatic ties, provides both nations with an opportunity to reflect on past achievements whilst setting an ambitious agenda for future cooperation.

As President Khürelsükh concludes his visit on October 16, both countries appear committed to elevating their historic friendship to new heights, ensuring that the India-Mongolia partnership remains robust and relevant in addressing contemporary challenges and opportunities.

Afghan Foreign Minister’s Historic Delhi Visit Marks New Chapter in India-Afghanistan Relations

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Afghan Foreign Minister’s Historic Delhi Visit Marks New Chapter in India-Afghanistan Relations

NEW DELHI — In a significant diplomatic development, Afghanistan’s acting Foreign Minister Mawlawi Amir Khan Muttaqi arrived in New Delhi on October 9, 2025, for an eight-day visit that represents the first high-level official engagement between India and Afghanistan since the Taliban’s return to power in August 2021.

The visit, which runs through October 16, was made possible after the United Nations Security Council’s Taliban sanctions committee granted Muttaqi temporary travel exemption on September 30. Muttaqi, listed as TAi.026 on the UNSC sanctions list, arrived in Delhi via Moscow, where he had participated in the Moscow Format consultations on October 7.

Warm Reception and High-Level Talks

Joint Secretary Anand Prakash from India’s Ministry of External Affairs received Muttaqi upon his arrival, with MEA spokesperson Randhir Jaiswal posting a message on X describing it as a “warm welcome.”

The centerpiece of the visit came on October 10, when Muttaqi held formal discussions with Indian External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar. Following their meeting, Jaishankar emphasized the visit’s significance, stating, “This visit is an important step in strengthening our relations. We discussed Afghanistan’s development, bilateral trade, regional integrity, people-to-people contacts, and capacity building.”

In a major announcement, Jaishankar revealed that India would upgrade its technical mission in Kabul to a full embassy—a crucial step in normalizing diplomatic ties that were severed when the Taliban took control in 2021.

Muttaqi also met with India’s National Security Advisor Ajit Doval on October 10, in talks focused on security concerns and regional issues.

Cultural and Economic Outreach

Beyond diplomatic meetings, Muttaqi’s itinerary included significant cultural visits. On October 11, he traveled to Deoband in Uttar Pradesh to visit the historic Darul Uloom Deoband, one of the most influential Islamic seminaries in South Asia.

“Deoband is an important religious site for us,” Muttaqi said. “Students from here come to Afghanistan, and this place is connected to our history.”

He also visited the iconic Taj Mahal in Agra, highlighting the cultural dimensions of the engagement.

The Afghan minister’s schedule includes meetings with Indian industrialists, traders, academics, officials from health, education and industry ministries, and Afghan students studying in India. A press conference at the Afghan embassy provided an opportunity for Muttaqi to share details of the discussions.

Key Areas of Cooperation

The talks covered a wide range of issues crucial to both nations:

Diplomatic Relations: Both countries committed to restoring full diplomatic presence. India will reopen its embassy in Kabul, which closed following the Taliban takeover, while Afghanistan will send diplomatic representatives to Delhi. Muttaqi noted, “India-Afghanistan relations are historic, and our diplomatic engagement is moving in a positive direction.”

Economic and Trade Cooperation: Discussions focused on expanding bilateral trade, particularly in dried fruits exports, healthcare facilities, consular services, and port access. Muttaqi extended an invitation to Indian investors to explore opportunities in Afghanistan’s agriculture, health, mining, electricity, and transport sectors.

A particularly significant topic was the Chabahar Port in Iran, developed by India as a strategic trade corridor. “This is a strategic route for both our countries,” Muttaqi stated. “We will jointly speak with the United States. If it closes, both of us will suffer.”

Regional Security: The Taliban government provided assurances that Afghan soil would not be used for terrorist activities against India or any other country. In a stern warning to Pakistan, Muttaqi said, “Do not test the patience of Afghans. Those who claim Afghanistan exports terrorism should provide evidence.”

The discussions also addressed drug trafficking, regional economic projects, transport corridors, and reopening the Wagah border for trade.

Humanitarian Assistance: India gifted 20 ambulances during the visit, adding to over $3 billion in aid provided over the years, including infrastructure projects like dams and the Afghan parliament building.

Strategic Implications

This visit carries significant weight for South Asian geopolitics. While India has not formally recognized the Taliban government, it has adopted a pragmatic approach of sustained engagement—a position distinct from most Western nations.

Former Indian Ambassador Anil Trigunayat captured this nuanced stance: “We should call Muttaqi the ‘Afghan Foreign Minister,’ not of the Taliban. We have strong bonds between our people.”

The visit is being closely watched by Pakistan, which has historically competed with India for influence in Afghanistan. Muttaqi’s public warning to Islamabad has added another layer of complexity to regional dynamics.

Russia remains the only country to have formally recognized the Taliban government, but India’s active engagement signals a multilateral strategy focused on regional stability and economic connectivity.

Addressing Controversies

On the contentious issue of women’s rights under Taliban rule, Muttaqi defended his government’s record: “Before 2021, 200-400 people were killed daily. Now there is peace, women are safe. The propaganda is false. Every country has its own traditions.”

This statement is likely to remain controversial in international circles, where the Taliban’s restrictions on women’s education and employment have drawn widespread condemnation.

Historical Context

India and Afghanistan share deep cultural and civilizational ties spanning centuries. Prior to 2021, India was a strong supporter of the Afghan government, investing heavily in infrastructure and development projects. After the Taliban’s return, India continued humanitarian assistance while withholding formal recognition.

The relationship has gradually evolved:

  • June 2022: India sent a technical team to Kabul
  • November 2024: The Taliban was allowed to appoint an ambassador in Delhi and open consulates in Mumbai and Hyderabad
  • January 2025: Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri met Muttaqi in Dubai
Looking Ahead

This week-long visit represents a potential turning point in India-Afghanistan relations and broader South Asian dynamics. By strengthening economic ties and maintaining diplomatic channels, India aims to ensure regional stability while protecting its strategic interests.

As the visit continues through October 16, both nations appear committed to building a relationship based on mutual interests, historical ties, and pragmatic engagement—regardless of the political complexities that remain unresolved in the international community’s approach to Afghanistan’s current government.

The success of this visit could pave the way for more substantive cooperation in the months ahead, potentially reshaping the diplomatic landscape of South Asia in the post-2021 era.

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